Contours of the Repopulation of Africa and all its Regions
In our previous blog, we looked at the projected progression of population in the world and its continents from 1950 to 2100, based on the estimates and projections of the recently released World Population Prospects 2024 published by the United Nations. In that analysis we noticed that the most significant aspect of the projected trends of population is the sharp rise in the population of Africa and corresponding drastically steep decline in the share of Europe and Northern America, the two core regions of western civilisation.
In this note, we look in detail at the population trends within Africa and its major geographical regions. We find that the rapid rise in the population that has happened in the African continent between 1950 and 2020 is spread across all its geographical regions. The growth trends of different regions shall begin to diverge over the remaining decades of the twenty-first century. But all regions of Africa are projected to keep growing beyond the current century.
We also note that the great spurt in the population of Africa is to be attributed mainly to the depopulation that continent has experienced for several centuries up to 1950. At that point the density of population in Africa was as low as about 8 persons per square kilometre. The density was low in every part of Africa; it seems every part of Africa had been depopulated.
Since the growth of population in Africa is driven by the scantiness of population, the growth of different regions does not seem to be related to the religious composition of different parts. It has some relation to the economic indicators, yet the growth in population itself seems to be leading to the improvements in these indicators.
We also notice that, over the course of the twentieth century, Africa has been divided between Christianity and Islam, with the Ethnic African Religionists being reduced to a miniscule proportion in nearly all parts of the continent. The rapid rise in the African population, therefore, shall lead to a rise in the share of both Christians and Muslims in the population of the world and a corresponding decline in that of Buddhists and Hindus.
Africa and its different geographical regions
Population Growth, 1950-2100
In Table 1 below, we compile estimates and projections of the population of the Africa and the five geographical regions into which the United Nations divides the continent. The data is taken from the latest edition of World Population Prospects.[1] In the following, we refer to this source as WPP 2024. In the last two columns of the Table, we give the peak population that Africa and each of its geographical regions are expected to reach in the course of the twenty-first century and the year when this is likely to happen. For comparison, we have also included the data for the world as a whole.
Table 1: Population of Africa and its Sub-Regions, 1950-2100 (in thousands) | ||||||
Period/Region | 1950 | 2020 | 2050 | 2100 | Peak | Year |
World | 2,471,424 | 7,851,415 | 9,644,036 | 10,186,608 | 10,289,515 | 2084 |
Africa | 225,440 | 1,364,276 | 2,448,400 | 3,807,042 | >3,807,042 | >2100 |
Eastern Africa | 65,031 | 445,111 | 848,601 | 1,379,631 | >1,379,631 | >2100 |
Middle Africa | 26,509 | 184,978 | 407,435 | 787,896 | >787,896 | >2100 |
Northern Africa | 49,458 | 254,186 | 371,329 | 462,313 | >462,313 | >2100 |
Southern Africa | 14,671 | 68,523 | 91,336 | 108,549 | >108,549 | >2100 |
Western Africa | 69,771 | 411,478 | 729,700 | 1,068,653 | >1,068,653 | >2100 |
Note: Numbers for 1950 and 2020 are estimates and those for 2050 and 2100 are the medium projections of WPP 2024. | ||||||
As we have pointed out in our previous post on the demography of the world, the population of Africa has grown at a much more rapid pace than the average of the world, rising from less than a quarter of billion to 1.36 billion between 1950 and 2020. It is also projected to keep growing faster than all other continental regions of the world and shall keep growing through all of the twenty-first century, while the population of the World would have reached its peak and begun to decline. In 2100, population of Africa is projected to reach 3.81 billion, when it shall form 37 percent of the population of the world, compared to only 9 percent in 1950.
The data in Table 1 shows that this great expansion of the population of Africa in the modern times is distributed across all five of the geographical regions into which the WPP data has been segregated. Population of every region has grown considerably during 1950 to 2020 and is projected to continue growing beyond the twenty-first century. Unlike the world and many of the other continental regions, none of the five regions of Africa is expected to reach the peak of its population within the current century.
Though all parts of Africa have grown and are projected to grow rapidly, there are considerable differences between the growth rates and patterns of different regions. To give an understanding of these differences, we have compiled, in Table 2, the number of times the population of Africa and its different geographical regions has multiplied and is projected to multiply between 1950 and 2100.
Table 2: Multiplication Factor of Population between 1950 and 2100 | ||||
Period/ | 1950-2020 | 2020-2050 | 2050-2100 | 1950-2100 |
World | 3.18 | 1.23 | 1.06 | 4.12 |
Africa | 6.05 | 1.79 | 1.55 | 16.89 |
Eastern Africa | 6.84 | 1.91 | 1.63 | 21.21 |
Middle Africa | 6.98 | 2.20 | 1.93 | 29.72 |
Northern Africa | 5.14 | 1.46 | 1.25 | 9.35 |
Southern Africa | 4.67 | 1.33 | 1.19 | 7.40 |
Western Africa | 5.90 | 1.77 | 1.46 | 15.32 |
Table 2 shows that during 1950-2020, all regions of Africa have experienced considerable multiplication in their population. Difference in growth between the six regions is significant, but not large. While the population of all of Africa has multiplied by 5 times in this period, Eastern and Middle Africa have grown by nearly 7 times, Western Africa by about 6 times and
Northern and Southern Africa by around 5 times.
The difference between the growth of different regions is projected to widen in the remaining decades of the twenty-first century. At the turn of the century, the population of Middle Africa would have multiplied by nearly 30 times, that of Eastern Africa by a little above 20 times and of Western Africa by above 15 times. The growth of Northern and Southern Africa shall be more subdued, with the former growing by around 9.4 times and the latter by 7.4 times. It should be noticed that, even though low compared to the other regions of Africa, the growth of these two regions shall be nearly or more than twice the average of the world at 4.1 times.
Changes in the share and density of different regions of Africa
The differential in growth of different regions of Africa would lead to changes in the share of these regions in the population of the continent. In Table 3, we have calculated their respective shares at several points between 1950 and 2100. In this Table, we have also shown the area and density of population of the different regions.
Between 1950 and 2020, there has been no major change in the relative shares of the different geographic regions. This is expected because, as we have seen above, all regions of Africa have multiplied between about 5 and 7 times in this period.
Between now and 2100, however, the relative share of different regions is projected to change significantly, though not as drastically as the changes between the share of Africa and other continents of the world that we have noticed in our previous note. As we have been saying, all of Africa is experiencing a remarkable rise in population compared to the rest of the world.
Table 3: Share of different regions in the population of Africa, 1950-2100 | |||||||
Share in the Population of Africa | 1950 | 2020 | 2050 | 2100 | Area | Density | Density |
Africa | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 29.65 | 49.0 | 136 |
Eastern Africa | 28.85 | 32.63 | 34.66 | 36.24 | 6.67 | 71.4 | 222 |
Middle Africa | 11.76 | 13.56 | 16.64 | 20.70 | 6.50 | 30.8 | 131 |
Northern Africa | 21.94 | 18.63 | 15.17 | 12.14 | 7.77 | 34.4 | 63 |
Southern Africa | 6.51 | 5.02 | 3.73 | 2.85 | 2.65 | 26.8 | 42 |
Western Africa | 30.95 | 30.16 | 29.80 | 28.07 | 6.06 | 71.9 | 186 |
Note: Area is in million km2 and density in persons/km2. This data is taken from the UN data for 2024.[2] Density in 2100 is calculated by multiplying the density of 2022 with the projected multiplication of population between 2020 and 2100 in Table 2 above. | |||||||
The most significant change that is projected to occur is in the share of Middle Africa, which shall rise from less than 12 percent to around 21 percent. Eastern Africa would be the other region to gain substantially, with its share rising from around 29 percent to 36 percent.
Northern Africa and Southern Africa would correspondingly suffer significant losses in their share. Share of the former would decline from around 22 percent in 1950 to 12 percent in 2100, and of the latter from 6.5 to less than 3 percent in the same period.
Western Africa shall largely retain its share, declining marginally from 31 to 28 percent.
Density of population of Africa
The extraordinary growth of population in Africa seems to be driven by the very low density of population in the continent. After multiplying by 6 times between 1950 and 2020, the density of population in the continent has reached only 49 persons per kilometre square in 2022. The density in 1950 would have been only around 8 persons per km2. That is a remarkable indicator of the depopulation that the continent had suffered since its contact with Europe.
Incidentally, Mahatma Gandhi gives a graphic account of the state of depopulation of the continent. While serving on the war front in Natal as part of the corps of stretcher-bearers during the Zulu Rebellion of 1906, he muses:[3]
…there was much else to set one thinking. It was a sparsely populated part of the country. Few and far between in hills and dales were the scattered Kraals of the simple and so-called ‘uncivilized’ Zulus. Marching, with or without the wounded, through these solemn solitudes, I often fell into deep thought. I pondered over brahmacharya and its implications, and my convictions took deep root. I discussed it with my co-workers….
Mahatma Gandhi was in South Africa, where the population density in 1950 was even below the average of Africa at less than 6 persons per km2. It was this experience of the solitudes of depopulated Africa that made Gandhiji take the vow of celibacy and set him on the path of Satyagraha, which he launched within two months of serving among the Zulus.
Mahatma Gandhi was witnessing the situation at the beginning of the twentieth century. It seems that it shall take the almost two centuries for Africa to overcome that state of depopulation. In 2100, after multiplying by 17 times since 1950, the density of population in Africa would be 136. Even at that stage, it shall be lower than the density of population in Asia, which is 152 now in 2020 and is projected to be around the same in 2100.
Density of different regions of Africa
While, the overall growth of population in Africa is certainly driven by the extreme scantiness of population in 1950, the differential growth between different regions of the continent cannot be related directly to differences in the density of population. Of the two regions that have grown and are projected to grow the fastest, Middle Africa, as seen in Table 3, is among the regions of relatively lower density, but Eastern Africa already has the highest density of all regions. In 2100, the density of population in this part would rise to 222 persons per km2. It shall be followed by Western Africa with density of 186. Middle Africa at that stage shall have density of 131. Northern and Southern Africa shall be much less populated with density of 63 and 42 persons per km2, respectively.
Expansion of population, of course, does not depend upon the available extent of geographical area alone. Other geographical, economic and social parameters also matter. Later in this article, we shall explore the relation of differential growth of population in different regions of Africa to their economic indicators and religious composition.
Fertility and Mortality Indicators
In Table 4 and 5, we have compiled fertility and mortality indicators for Africa and its different regions. The fertility data in Table 4 shows that the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) of Africa have been and are projected to remain higher than the average of the world throughout this century. Even more strikingly, Table 5, shows that the CDR, Crude Death Rate per thousand of population, which was very high in 1950 and has dropped to nearly equal the world-average in 2020, shall fall below the average of the world by 2050 and remain lower than the average even in 2100. This sharp decline in mortality that has happened in every part of Africa, coupled with persistently high TFR, is what is driving and shall continue to drive the growth of population in the continent.
Table 4: Fertility indicators of Africa and its regions, 1950-2100 | ||||||||
World/ | TFR | NRR | ||||||
Continent | 1950 | 2020 | 2050 | 2100 | 1950 | 2020 | 2050 | 2100 |
World | 4.85 | 2.32 | 2.10 | 1.84 | 1.63 | 1.06 | 0.99 | 0.88 |
Africa | 6.52 | 4.24 | 2.79 | 2.02 | 1.81 | 1.84 | 1.28 | 0.96 |
Eastern Africa | 6.69 | 4.34 | 2.76 | 2.01 | 1.93 | 1.94 | 1.30 | 0.97 |
Middle Africa | 5.86 | 5.69 | 3.46 | 2.15 | 1.61 | 2.43 | 1.57 | 1.02 |
Northern Africa | 6.87 | 3.07 | 2.31 | 1.92 | 1.89 | 1.43 | 1.11 | 0.93 |
Southern Africa | 6.03 | 2.35 | 1.94 | 1.76 | 1.93 | 1.08 | 0.92 | 0.85 |
Western Africa | 6.46 | 4.65 | 2.79 | 1.99 | 1.72 | 1.87 | 1.21 | 0.92 |
Table 5: Mortality Indicators of Africa and its regions, 1950-2100 | ||||||||
World/ | Crude Death Rate per 1,000 | Life Expectancy at Birth | ||||||
Continent | 1950 | 2020 | 2050 | 2100 | 1950 | 2020 | 2050 | 2100 |
World | 19.4 | 8.1 | 9.5 | 12.1 | 46.4 | 71.9 | 77.0 | 81.7 |
Africa | 26.9 | 8.4 | 7.2 | 10.0 | 37.2 | 62.3 | 68.4 | 74.9 |
Eastern Africa | 26.0 | 6.9 | 5.9 | 9.0 | 38.3 | 64.2 | 70.5 | 77.8 |
Middle Africa | 27.4 | 9.1 | 6.7 | 9.1 | 36.6 | 60.3 | 66.3 | 72.6 |
Northern Africa | 27.3 | 6.4 | 7.0 | 10.4 | 37.7 | 70.2 | 76.6 | 83.1 |
Southern Africa | 21.6 | 9.5 | 10.4 | 11.6 | 43.2 | 64.7 | 70.3 | 77.2 |
Western Africa | 28.4 | 10.6 | 8.7 | 11.8 | 35.2 | 56.9 | 62.8 | 69.4 |
In 1950, TFR and CDR were both high for every region of Africa. At that stage, TFR of Africa was 6.52, and it was around or above 6 for every region. Similarly, CDR of Africa at that stage was nearly 27 per thousand, and it was above 26 from every region except Southern Africa, which had a CDR of 21.5.
Now, in 2020, CDR for Africa has drastically dropped to 8.4, which is near the world-average of 8.1. Many of the regions have reached CDR of below the world-average. In terms of TFR, every region of Africa remains above the world-average of 2.32, but different regions have begun to diverge considerably on this parameter. For Middle Africa, TFR now is 5.69, it remains above 4 for Eastern and Western Africa. For Northern Africa, it has fallen to 3, and for Southern Africa, TFR has reached 2.35, nearly equal to the world-average. The differences in the TFR of different regions shall persist in 2050 and continue up to 2100. At the end of the century, the TFR of Eastern Africa and Middle Africa would still be above 2, while other regions would fall below that number.
The crude death rate of Africa is projected to keep falling for several decades to reach 7.2 in 2050. After that is shall begin rising, reflecting decline in the youthfulness of the population. Even so, in 2100, CDR of Africa at 10 shall be lower than the world-average of 12. There would be difference in the CDR and life-expectancy of different regions indicating that the demographic transition in these regions would take somewhat different trajectories.
Before concluding this section, we draw attention to two of the remarkable trends in Tables 4 and 5. First, between 1950 and 2020, while the TFR of Africa and each of its regions has declined, yet the NRR, the net reproduction rate, has gone up for the continent as a whole and for Eastern Africa, Middle Africa and Western Africa. The rise is the most striking in Middle Africa, where while TFR has declined slightly from 5.86 to 5.69, the NRR has risen sharply from 1.61 to 2.43. This is, of course, the consequence of the sharp decline in the mortality rates of the continent and its different regions.
The second point to notice is that while life-expectancy of Northern Africa, like of all other regions of the continent, was low in 1950 and considerably lower than Southern Africa, it has reached 70.2 years in 2020, which is 8 years more than the average of Africa and 5.5 years more than that of Southern Africa. This trend is projected to persist and grow. In 2100, life-expectancy of Northern Africa shall reach 83.1 years, somewhat above the average of the world, 6 years above that of Southern Africa and 8 years above that of the average of the continent. This wide difference between the life-expectancy of Northern Africa as compared to other regions is probably related to be related to the fact that the region is predominantly Islamic and forma a core region of the Islamic civilisation. We discuss the religious composition of different regions of Africa in a later section.
Economic Indicators
In Table 6, we have compiled the GDP figures for Africa and its different regions. The data is for 2022, when some economic normalcy had been restored following the Covid epidemic and is taken from the UN statistical dataset.[4]
Table 6: Economic Indicators | |||
Region | GDP | GDP Per Capita | Rate of Growth |
Africa | 2,447,535 | 1,801 | 3.5 |
Eastern Africa | 425,948 | 951 | 5.0 |
Middle Africa | 195,536 | 1,059 | 4.1 |
Northern Africa | 762,299 | 3,039 | 3.0 |
Southern Africa | 369,839 | 5,498 | 2.1 |
Western Africa | 693,913 | 1,700 | 3.9 |
Numbers are for 2022. GDP in current prices (million US Dollars). GDP per Capita in US Dollars. GDP real rate of growth in percent. | |||
The Table shows that the Northern and Southern Africa, the two regions where the population growth is the slowest, also have the highest GDP per capita. Eastern Africa and Middle Africa with the lowest GDP per capita are experiencing the fastest growth in population. And Western Africa, with per capita GDP higher than Eastern and Middle Africa but lower than that of Southern and Northern Africa, falls in the middle in terms of growth in population.
Interestingly, the data on the rate of growth of GDP shows an almost a reverse trend. Northern and Southern Africa with the lowest rates of growth of population also have the lowest rates of growth of GDP. Eastern and Middle Africa where the population growth is the most rapid are experiencing the highest economic growth rates. And Western Africa that falls in the middle in terms of growth of population also falls in the middle in the rate of growth of GDP.
The perceived negative correlation of GDP per capita with the rate of growth of population seems to confirm the prevalent opinion of modern development researchers that poor people breed more children. This has to be the case when the mortality rates of a population are high. But, as we have seen in Table 5, mortality rates of all regions of Africa have fallen sharply between 1950 and 2020 and Crude Deaths are now not high in any region of Africa. Yet TFR remains relatively high in Middle, Eastern and Western Africa. This is resulting in rapid growth in population, which seems to be spurring economic activity and growth. So, it may be that societies maintain higher fertility not only because of ignorance and poverty, but also perhaps out of a rational desire to have more productive hands. This is likely to be especially true in regions that have gone through a long phase of scarce population.
It shall be interesting to follow the growth of Africa and its various regions for the next couple of decades when the relatively poor parts of Africa would be experiencing the advantage of larger cohorts of youth.
Religious composition of Africa and its different regions
In this section, we explore whether the differences in the growth of population in different regions of Africa is correlated to the religious composition of those regions. We have described the religious composition of the African continent in an earlier note. There we give detailed maps, depicting the religious composition of not only the five geographical regions of Africa, but also of the major countries comprising those regions. The maps and tables in that note also show how the religious profile of Africa has changed in the course of the twentieth century. While reading the discussion below, it shall be helpful and instructive to look at that detailed note about the religious demography of Africa.
The population of Africa as a whole is now about half Christian. In 1900, they formed less than 10 percent of the population. Muslims now form more than 40 percent of the population; they constituted about a third of the population even at the beginning of the twentieth century. While both Christians and Muslims have increased their share in the population, the former much more than the latter, the population of those following the Ethnic African Religions has declined sharply from about 60 percent to less than 10 percent.
The great rise in the African population that has taken place from the middle of the twentieth century and is projected to continue through the twenty-first century shall therefore add to the share of both Christians and Muslims in the population of the world. Because of this, the expected decline in the share of Christianity resulting from the projected drastic fall in the share of Europe and Northern America in the population of the world shall be more than compensated by the growth of Africa, where nearly half of its population now follows Christianity. Muslim-share in the world shall also rise with the growth of Africa. Consequently, the two other great religions of the world, Hinduism and Buddhism, especially the latter, however, shall see a precipitous decline in their share.
Let us now come to the religious differences across different parts of Africa.
Northern Africa is largely Muslim. This part of the African continent has always been part of the Arab Muslim world. Muslims now form about 90 percent of the population in this region. The Christians are confined mainly to Egypt.
Southern Africa, on the other hand, comprises a largely Christian part of Africa. The Christians form more than 80 percent of the population, of the rest about 10 percent are Muslim and the remaining are Ethnic African Religionists.
As we have seen, the populations of the mainly Muslim Northern Africa and mainly Christian Southern Africa are both projected to grow at a much slower rate than the rest of Africa.
East Africa is about two-thirds Christian. Muslims form about a quarter of the population and the rest are adherents of Ethnic African Religions. In 1900, Christians had formed only 16 percent of the population and Muslims about 21 percent. The remaining about 70 percent of the population followed African Religions.
Some of the countries in this region, especially Ethiopia, the largest country of East Africa, has an ancient community of Coptic Christians. But their presence was small up to 1900. The dominance of Christianity in the region that we see now is a result of conversions during the twentieth and twenty-first century.
This region of Africa, where Christians form two-thirds of the population, is the second fastest growing region of the continent, after Middle Africa.
Christian presence in Middle Africa is even higher and almost of the same level as in Southern Africa. The spread of Christianity in this region has happened entirely during the twentieth century. They formed just about 1 percent of the population in 1900 and are above 80 percent now. There are also about 10 percent Muslims here. The adherents of Ethnic African Religions, who formed nearly 95 percent of the population in 1900 now have a miniscule presence.
As we have seen, this predominantly Christian region of Africa has grown the fastest of all regions of Africa.
Western Africa is divided between Christians and Muslims. The former form about 40 percent of the population and the latter above 50 percent. In 1900, there were almost no Christians and about 25 percent Muslims.
This region, which is equally divided between Christians and Muslims, with Muslims being somewhat more dominant, has grown at the third fastest rate, after Middle and East Africa.
The relative growth of population in different regions of Africa thus does not seem to be correlated to religion. The civilisational and religious factors probably begin to differentiate the fertility response of different components of a society only when the state of depopulation has been overcome and population reaches a certain level of sufficiency. The considerably lower mortality and higher life-expectancy of Northern Africa, that has begun to manifest now and is projected to become more pronounced by the end of the century, is probably related to such civilisational and religious causes. We have earlier noticed and remarked on this phenomenon while discussing fertility and mortality indicator of different regions of Africa.
The rapid growth of population in every region of Africa during 1950 to 2020 seems to be a response to the depopulation that had occurred in the continent everywhere. Differences in the growth of different regions are expected to manifest only later, after the process of repopulation of Africa, that we are witnessing now, has run its course. It shall be, therefore, interesting to watch how the growth of population in different religions and regions of Africa begins to differentiate over a longer period.
Conclusions
1. The rapid rise in the population that Africa has witnessed between 1950 and 2020 is spread across the whole continent with every geographical region experiencing a considerable multiplication of the population in this period.
2. Over the remaining decades of the twenty-first century, the rates of growth of different regions shall begin to diverge, but all geographical regions are projected to keep growing beyond 2100, when population of the world and most of its populous regions would have begun to decline.
3. The scantiness of population in every part of Africa in 1950, at the beginning of this period, seems to be the main driver of population-growth in the continent. In 1950, density of population was only about 8 persons per km2 and it was around or below 10 in every geographical region. Even after the great repopulation of Africa that we are now witnessing now, the average density of population of the continent shall be below that of Asia even in 2100.
4. Between 1950 and 2020, mortality rates have declined very sharply in every region of Africa. That, and the high fertility, have led to the rise in population that we are seeing. Fertility and mortality indicators in Different regions of Africa are projected to follow somewhat different trends over the following decades. This would lead to different regions multiplying differently, but all shall keep growing beyond the twenty-first century.
5. We can perceive some relationship between the rate of growth of population and GDP per capita of different regions. But remarkably, the regions that are registering the highest growth in population are also showing higher rates of growth in GDP. In a situation of scarcity of population, the rise in population is naturally expected to lead to increase in economic activity.
6. Since the growth of population in Africa is driven mainly by the scantiness of population, it is difficult to see any correlation between the religious composition of different geographical regions and the growth in population there. We can, however, expect to see the religious factor to begin influencing demographic growth as the continent gets fairly populated. The data already projects, a considerably lower mortality rate and much higher life-expectancy in Northern Africa, which is among the core civilisational regions of Islam.
7. In the course of the twentieth century, the people of Africa have been largely claimed by Christianity or Islam. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Muslims constituted about one-third of the population of Africa and Christians less than 10 percent, while the remaining about 60 percent were adherents of Ethnic African Religions. Now, the Christians form about half the population of the continent, Muslims more than 40 percent and the Ethnic African Religions have been reduced to a miniscule minority. We have discussed this religious transformation of Africa in detail in an earlier note on the religious demography of Africa.
8. Because the continent is now about half Christian, the rapid rise in the population of Africa shall add to the share of Christians in the population of the world. This would compensate for the decline of population in the core Christian continents of Europe and Northern America. The drastic decline in the share of the West in the population of the world is therefore not likely to lead to a corresponding decline in the share of Christians.
9. For the same reason, the share of Muslims in the world is likely to rise as the population of Africa, which is more than 40 percent Muslim, grows rapidly.
10. With the rising population of Africa, which is now divided between Christianity and Islam, the share of Buddhists and Hindus, especially of the former, in the population of the world is expected to decline considerably in the course of the current century.
Dr. J. K. Bajaj
July 2025
[1] World Population Prospects 2024, Compact Estimates and Medium Projection Table, available at https://population.un.org/wpp/assets/Excel%20Files/1_Indicator%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2024_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT.xlsx
[2] https://data.un.org/_Docs/SYB/CSV/SYB67_1_202411_Population,%20Surface%20Area%20and%20Density.csv
[3] From M. K. Gandhi, An Autography, The Story of my Experiments with Truth, Chapter XXV. Also see, Bajaj and Srinivas, The Making of a Hindu Patriot, Har Anand, Delhi 2021, the section on The Vow of Celibacy.
[4] https://data.un.org/_Docs/SYB/CSV/SYB67_230_202411_GDP%20and%20GDP%20Per%20Capita.csv
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