Tuesday 15 October 2024

Documents of Our Times-I


 

Canada has been publicly alleging, since October 2023, that the GOI is running a campaign of targeted killings of Canadian citizens of Indian origin. India has repeatedly held these allegations to be completely unfounded. It has also been castigating the Government of Canada, and Prime Minister Trudeau personally, for indulging in these “laughable” aspersions merely to gain domestic political advantage. In this context, The Washington Post has published a report directly naming the Home Minister of India for having authorised the operations. This report is, in all likelihood, vicious anti-India disinformation spread at the behest of Canada. But, the mere fact of such an allegation having been made in a reputed international newspaper makes this report a significant historical document of our times. Below, we reproduce the complete text of the report from:

https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/10/14/canada-modi-sikhs-violence-india/




Canada alleges much wider campaign 

by Modi government against Sikhs


By Greg Miller, Gerry Shih

 

 

The killing of a Sikh separatist in Canada last year was part of a broader campaign of violence against Indian dissidents directed by a senior official in the Indian government and an operative in the country’s spy agency, according to Canadian officials who cited intercepted Indian communications and other newly acquired information.

 

Canadian authorities have also identified at least six Indian diplomats serving in Canada who were directly involved in gathering detailed intelligence on Sikh separatists who were then killed, attacked or threatened by India’s criminal proxies, Canadian officials said.

 

Canada ordered all six of those diplomats to leave the country in notices that were sent early Monday, the officials said. Among them were India’s top diplomat in the Sanjay Kumar Verma, and its top consular official in Toronto, the officials said. 

 

India issued a conflicting statement saying it had withdrawn the diplomats over concerns for their safety. India later announced that it had expelled six Canadian diplomats, including Canada’s top diplomat in New Delhi.

 

The previously undisclosed details about India’s alleged involvement in the 2023 death of Hardeep Singh Nijjar and other attacks stem from an ongoing investigation that Canadian authorities said has uncovered extensive evidence linking a larger outbreak of violence in Canada to the administration of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi. 

 

“We know they are involved in the Nijjar killing, in other murders and in ongoing violence — actual violence — in Canada,” said a senior Canadian official. The official said that since Nijjar’s death, the pace of threats has escalated to such an extent that authorities have warned a dozen individuals of Indian descent that there was credible information they could be targeted. The official and others spoke on the condition of anonymity to discuss the investigation, citing the sensitivity of allegations that have caused a rupture in relations between Delhi and Ottawa. 

 

India has vehemently denied the accusations. A statement issued by the country’s Ministry of External Affairs on Monday said that Modi’s government “strongly rejects these preposterous imputations and ascribes them to the political agenda” of Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. 

 

Trudeau said Monday that “the response of the Indian government has been to deny, to obfuscate, to attack me personally and the integrity of the government of Canada and its officials and its police agencies.” 

 

Even so, the new allegations add to mounting concerns among Western security officials and human rights organizations that Modi’s government has become one of the world’s most aggressive practitioners of “transnational repression,” or the use of violence and other means to neutralize perceived homegrown adversaries who have sought refuge in other countries. 

 

The Biden administration, which has cultivated closer ties with India, last year confronted Modi administration officials with intelligence that an officer in India’s Research and Analysis Wing, a spy service known as RAW, was behind an attempt to assassinate a Sikh separatist in New York — a failed plot with parallels to the Nijjar case in Canada. The Post identified the RAW officer as Vikram Yadav, though he was not named in a U.S. indictment accusing an alleged Indian drug trafficker of seeking to hire a hit man to carry out the killing. 

 

Nijjar and Gurpatwant Singh Pannun, the target of the New York plot, were leaders of a movement that for decades has campaigned to carve out an independent Sikh state in northern India. The movement was marked by violent clashes in the 1980s, but has been relatively dormant since a crackdown led to a mass exodus of Sikhs to other countries. 

 

Modi, who came to power as a champion of Hindu nationalism, has revived concerns about the supposed threat posed by Sikhs living abroad. Modi and other officials have frequently accused Canada, which has the world’s largest population of Sikhs outside India, of harboring terrorists. 

 

Canadian officials said they only recently began to grasp the magnitude of the covert campaign of violence India has waged against Sikhs as new evidence emerged from an ongoing investigation of Nijjar’s killing that is led by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police but has involved other agencies, as well as intelligence provided by the United States and other allies. 

 

Officials said the investigation has uncovered evidence of Indian government involvement in home invasions, drive-by shootings, arson and at least one additional killing. 

 

Officials cited the death of Sukhdool Singh, who was shot in Winnipeg on Sept. 20, 2023, less than a day after he was featured in a wanted list of gangsters posted on X by India’s National Investigation Agency. The killing came two days after Trudeau publicly accused India of killing Nijjar. 

 

Officials described an operational “chain” in which Indian diplomats in Canada collect intelligence on alleged Sikh separatists that is then used by RAW to identify targets for attacks carried out by a criminal syndicate led by Lawrence Bishnoi, whose organization, the officials said, has an extensive presence in Canada. Bishnoi is imprisoned in India and could not be reached for comment. His organization has previously asserted responsibility for violent attacks in Canada, officials said. 

 

Officials said Indian diplomats have used violence as well as threatened to deny needed immigration documents to coerce Indians living in Canada to serve as informants against Sikh activists. Canadian officials said this scheme involves Indian officials at the country’s consulates in Vancouver and Toronto as well as its High Commission — the embassy equivalent — in Ottawa. Canadian officials said the collection operation was overseen by Verma, India’s high commissioner in Ottawa. 

 

“The coercion goes far beyond threatening to deny visas, to include physical threats to them and their families in India,” said a senior Canadian official, who added that “the information is being sent to India at almost the highest level.”

 

Conversations and texts among Indian diplomats include references to “a senior official in India and a senior official in RAW” who have authorized the intelligence-gathering missions and attacks on Sikh separatists, the Canadian official said. 

 

Canadian officials identified the senior official in India as Amit Shah, a member of Modi’s inner circle who serves as home affairs minister. Spokespeople in India’s Ministry for External Affairs and its Home Ministry, which oversees national security matters, did not respond to requests for comment about Shah’s alleged role. 

 

Canadian officials shared details about the references to Shah and other evidence with India’s national security adviser, Ajit Doval, at a secret meeting in Singapore on Saturday. Canadians who took part in the meeting included Trudeau’s national security adviser, Nathalie Drouin, and Deputy Foreign Minister David Morrison, as well as a top RCMP official. 

 

Canada had sought the meeting in an attempt to persuade Modi’s government to end an escalating campaign of violence in Canada, but also to warn that details exposing Indian involvement in attacks were likely to become public as prosecutors move forward next month with a planned trial of four suspects in Nijjar’s killing. 

 

Instead, officials said Doval made clear that India “would deny any link to the Nijjar murder and any link to any other violence in Canada no matter what the evidence was,” a senior Canadian official said.

 

Officials provided other details about the five-hour encounter with Doval, 79, a former spymaster who is seen as one of Modi’s closest confidants and has served as national security adviser for a decade. 

 

Doval “did admit that India did use its diplomats to follow people, take pictures, et cetera, but denied any links to threats or violence,” an official said. 

 

When Canadian officials outlined evidence that India had enlisted Bishnoi’s gang networks in Canada to carry out the Nijjar killing and other attacks, Doval initially “pretended not to have any idea who the guy was,” a Canadian official said. Later, however, Doval began rattling off “facts, figures and anecdotes” about Bishnoi, acknowledging that he “was capable of orchestrating violence from wherever he is incarcerated” and “was known to be up to no good from his jail cell.” 

 

Bishnoi, 31, is one of India’s most notorious mob bosses, officials said, but has also been accused on social media of collaborating with the government while in prison. Bishnoi’s gang asserted responsibility for Singh’s killing in September last year after Trudeau’s public statement linking India to Nijjar’s death. 

 

In a news conference Monday — Canada’s Thanksgiving holiday — RCMP officials said that violence orchestrated by India had become a “significant threat to public safety,” and that at least eight people have been arrested and charged in connection with homicide cases and nearly two dozen in connection with extortion investigations. 

 

Canadian requests to interview Indian diplomats implicated in attacks were rebuffed by Modi’s government, officials said. 

 

Doval ended the Saturday meeting by asking his counterparts to treat the discussion as if it “never took place” — meaning they should refrain from issuing any public statement or acknowledgment of the gathering. 

 

By the time Drouin and Morrison had made it back to Ottawa, however, pro-Modi media reports had surfaced in India describing how Indian officials had taken a “strong stance” and lectured Canada that “it cannot make unsubstantiated charges.” 

 

Amanda Coletta in Toronto contributed to this report.

 


The Washington Post

Updated October 14, 2024 at 2:16 p.m. EDT|Published October 14, 2024 at 11:01 a.m. EDT

Sunday 25 August 2024

Ullavur and Kundratthur I (English)

 

Two Beautiful, Affluent and Self-Governing Localities of India

Ullavur and Kundratthur



We in the Centre for Policy Studies, in collaboration with the IGNCA, have recently published a couple of monographs on the geography, history, economy and polity of two localities of Tamil Nadu: Ullavur and Kundratthur. The books are compiled and edited by J. K. Bajaj and M. D. Srinivas. We have earlier posted the notice of the release function. In the note below, we describe in brief these books and what they teach us about the pre-British Indian polity of India.




More than three decades ago, when we founded the Centre for Policy Studies at Chennai, one of the main objectives before us was to learn how the polity of India functioned and what was the relationship between the State and the Society before the arrival of the British.

 

The classical civilizational literature of India is one of the sources where we may find answers to these questions. We did carry out some studies along that direction. The first few books of the Centre, especially Annam Bahu Kurvita: Recollecting the Indian Discipline of Growing and Sharing Food in Plenty, were based on our study of our civilizational literature including the Vedas, Upanishads, Itihasas, Puranas and Kavyas.

 

It was our good fortune that we had access to another source of information on the pre-British Indian polity. Sri Dharampal, the pioneering historian of eighteenth century India, had, during his extensive archival explorations, come across the records of a survey that the British carried out in about 2,000 Tamil localities from 1767 to 1774. These localities constituted the so-called Chengalpattu Jaghire which the British had obtained from the then Nawab of Arcot. The Jaghire is located around the city of Chennai. In this survey, the British, it seems, were looking for an answer to the same questions that we were interested in: How were these localities being governed till then and also what could be the value of these? They needed answers to these questions before setting up their own administration in the Jaghire.

 

This survey was carried out by Engineer Thomas Barnard. The summary records of the survey in English are available in the Tamil Nadu State Archives. These were copied from more detailed accounts inscribed in older Tamil on palm-leaves by the traditional account-keepers of these localities, the Kanakkappillais. Such accounts had been traditionally maintained and Mr. Barnard got the Kankkappillais to draw up the details he needed in a similar fashion.

 

The accounts collected in these palm-leaves are very detailed. These give the name of the head of every household, his jati and occupation and the extent of his house and the backyard. These also record the details of every temple and every lake, pond, pool and well. The accounts also record the location and extent of every piece of cultivated and barren land. And, for the years 1762 to 1767, the accounts give the extent of crops that were grown in the fields during different seasons and their produce. Further, these accounts give us the process of deduction and allocation of nearly a third of the produce for varied institutions, functions and functionaries of the locality.

 

We have copied, compiled and analysed the entire archival records of the Barnard Survey. We have deciphered, copied and translated into modern Tamil the palm-leaf manuscript accounts for about 600 localities. We have also translated the accounts of a few localities into English.

 

The two books that we have published recently give the story of the land and people of Kundratthur and Ullavur based on the information we have gathered from the archival and palm-leaf manuscript materials of the Barnard Survey. In addition, we have used the large number of inscriptions that have been recorded from Kundratthur and from the near vicinity of Ullavur. We have also used the details given in the famed Kasakkudi copperplate of the Pallava period, which pertains to a village whose coordinates, as described in the epigraph, coincide with that of Ullavur.

 

While collecting, studying and analysing all this data and compiling the two monographs, we have identified some major aspects of a locality or grama of the pre-British Indian polity. Below we share the salient aspects of an Indian locality:

 

 

1. An Indian Grama has an Identity of its own. It is not a mere collection of Houses.

 

Everything that we have learnt about the Chengalpattu localities and especially the two that we describe in these books tells us that the locality or the grama is a well-defined, long-established, self-governing unit of the polity. Every locality has a long history of its own. It has its own demarcated boundaries and a system for keeping those boundaries inviolate. 

 

The boundaries of an Indian locality were considered so sacrosanct and inviolate that Thomas Munro in his testimony to the House of Commons in the course of discussion on the East India Company Charter of 1813, said:

 

A village in India does not apply to what is commonly called a village in this country [United Kingdom], a collection of houses; a village is certainly a portion of country, generally from two to four square miles, the boundaries of which are unalterable; whatever cessions or transfers of country are made in the course of war from one power to another, the boundaries of the village remain permanent; …”

 

In the two monographs on Ullavur and Kundratthur, we have given several maps depicting different aspects of the localities within their sacrosanct boundaries.

 

 

2. Every Indian Grama has a long history of its own.

 

The localities of India are mentioned in epigraphs inscribed on stone and copper. The localities have been talked about in epics, stories and legends. Many of the localities have their own sthala-puranas, the founding-legends. The two localities described in these monographs seem to have an especially long and well-described history.

 

As many as 55 inscriptions have been recorded from the locality of Kundratthur. These run from 1153 to 1726, from the peak of Chola period to nearly the end of the Mughals. The transactions and events recorded in these relate mainly to the locality itself, the king is mentioned in the inscriptions often only as a marker of date and time.

 

The history of Kundratthur is witnessed also by the great Sekkizhar. He was born here, compiled the life-histories and work of the 63 Naynmars, saint-poets, of the Tamil Saiva tradition, in his Periya Puranam and was raised to the semi-divine status of the 64th Nayanmar. Several places in Kundratthur remind you of Sekkizhar. There is a temple at the place of his birth. The imposing Nageshvarar temple is known to have been built by him and there is a separate shrine dedicated to him in that temple. The vast Balaravayar Tank in the centre of the town is named after his brother. There is also an impressive new memorial built for him.

 

The name of the locality comes from the Subrahmanyar Temple on top of the hill that overlooks the town from its southern end. The history of this temple is timeless, though the earliest inscriptions on its walls are from only the Chola times.

 

The temple on the hill (kundram in Tamil), commonly known as the Kundratthur Murugan, has a special place in the life of Kundratthur even today. The stream of pilgrims that visit the temple and many who hold their birth and marriage ceremonies in the presence of the Murugan make a considerable contribution to the economy and transport system of the locality.

 

The region around Ullavur has been mentioned in the Kasakkudi copperplate of the times of Nandivarman Pallavamalla. In fact, the coordinates of the village, the grant of which the copperplate records, correspond to the immediate vicinity of Ullavur, if not Ullavur itself. There are a number of inscriptions from the early Chola period in the temples of Thenneri, the vast lake in the north of Ullavur that also irrigates its fields. The channels bringing water from that lake are specifically mentioned in the Kasakkudi copperplate. In the south of Ullavur, there is the Appan Venkatesa Perumal Temple lying on the heartachingly beautiful and sacred confluence of Palar, Cheyyar and Vegavathi. Inscriptions in this temple run all across almost every wall. All these are witness to the ancientness of Ullavur. 

 

 


3. Indian Locality was Affluent and Prosperous

 

According to our estimates, on the basis of the data recorded in the Barnard Survey, average annual production of foodgrains in the whole of the Jaghire amounted to as much as 1 ton per capita. This is comparable to the most advanced nations of today. The Indian average today is only about one-fifth of that.

 

Ullavur is situated in a particularly fertile part of the land and is an intensely agricultural locality. Production of Ullavur in the eighteenth century amounts to 2.5 ton per capita. This is two and half times the average of the Jaghire.


The affluence of the localities is also seen in the extremely beautiful and rich landscape of their habitations, which we discuss below.

 

 

 

4. Indian Grama was not exclusively agricultural

 

Notwithstanding the abundant production of foodgrains in the Jaghire as a whole and in particular localities, these localities were not exclusively agricultural. According to the data of the Survey only about half of the households in an average locality could be said to be predominantly agricultural. Besides them, there were the households of the weavers, carpenters, iron smiths, gold smiths, traders, teachers, scholars, medicine-men, temple priests, dancers, etc., as also the militia, the accounts-keepers, the corn-measurers and the caretakers of irrigation and keepers of the village boundaries, etc.

 

In Kundratthur, agriculture seems to have been secondary. This was mainly a center of religion, culture and scholarship. Among the total of 471 households counted here in the eighteenth century, 116 belonged to the weavers and their associated specialists.


Ullavur was indeed an intensely agricultural locality. It produced six different paddy crops in the three seasons. Among the six crops, some were of highly specialized fragrant paddies. Even so, the locality had a complement of 30 households of cultural, administrative, artisanal economic and other service providers.

 

 

5. Indian Locality was Beautiful

 

From the older accounts and descriptions and from even the current state of some of the localities, it can be confidently said that the localities of India and the houses within them were laid on a well-ordered plan. There were a large number of temples, ponds, pools and tanks, groves and gardens in and around every locality. 


All of this created a beautiful and comforting ambience. Ullavur, a locality of just 83 households, had 14 temples, 22 ponds and pools, 4 large water-bodies for irrigation, 6 groves and 2 flower-gardens. Many of these temples and ponds, pools and other waterbodies survive to this day. Many of the temples and the water-bodies are large, beautiful and very impressive.

 

Kundratthur is of course a town of temples. There is the Kundratthur Murugan on the hill and below it you see the Kandaleesvarar, Thiruvaleesvarar and Thiruoorgaperumal standing almost in a row leading up to the hill. Then there is the Thirunagesvarar at the entrance of the town in the north. Besides these great and ancient temples, there are many smaller temples. The town also has several large waterbodies. The largest and most impressive of these is the Balaravayar Kulam, named after the brother of the venerable Sekkizhar. There are several memorials to Sekkizhar himself in the town.

 

In our monographs on the two localities of this region, we have tried to convey some of this grandeur and beauty of the landscape in the large number of pictures that we have presented there. We have posted some of the more striking pictures along with this article.

 

 

6. Indian Locality was Self-Governing

 

According to the data of the eighteenth century that we have compiled, around one-third of the produce of the locality was allocated for different public functions, functionaries and institutions.

 

There was an elaborate arrangement, sanctified in tradition, for making deductions from the produce. There were two distinct kinds of deductions. The first was called Suthanthiram, Swatantram in Sanskrit, and the second was called Merai. Suthanthiram deductions were made in two steps. First, a defined deduction for a long list of beneficiaries was made before the crop was threshed or measured. The second Suthanthiram deduction was made after threshing but before measuring. From the measured produce two kinds of Merai deductions were made. One of these Merais was taken out half from the Cultivators’ share and half from the Revenue share of the produce. The other Merai was taken out entirely from the Revenue share. These four deductions together constituted around one-third of the produce.

 

The list of functions, functionaries and institutions for whom these deductions were made was indeed long. It included the Palaiyakkarar and Tukkirikkarar who looked after the security of the locality, the Kanakkappillais who kept the accounts, Vettis who looked after the irrigation, Alavukkarans who measured the produce. It also included the temples and the associated priests, scholars, dancers and musicians. It included the teachers of the locality schools and the higher scholars. It included the carpenters, iron smiths, gold smiths, barbers, washermen and medicine men associated with the locality. There were also deductions for the founding inhabitants, the Mirasudarars and the so-called Cultivators’ Servants, the Paraiyar. The locality thus budgeted and provided for all of the essential public functions of the locality that have been taken over by the State today.

 

Besides these specified deductions from the produce, most of the beneficiaries mentioned above also held certain parts of the cultivated land as Maniyam, whose revenue accrued to the Maniyam-holder. According to our calculations, around one-fourth of the cultivated land of the entire Jaghire was assigned as Maniyam. In Kundratthur, Maniyams formed around 20 percent of the cultivation. In Ullavur, where the land was highly fertile, the Maniyams formed a relatively smaller part at around one-eighth of the cultivation.

 

The long list of beneficiaries who held the right to the revenue of a part of the land essentially became formal sharers in sovereignty. The locality ran all its public affairs through these beneficiaries who were maintained by allocations made to them in the form of Suthintaram and Merai and the revenue from their Maniyams. This made the locality sovereign in its own affairs. This made the locality sovereign in its own affairs. 

 

The self-governing locality formed the primary unit of the Indian polity. Among the beneficiaries of the deductions and Maniyams, the locality also included institutions and functionaries at the regional level and thus created the larger circle of polity beyond itself. 

 

A few months before Independence, Mahatma Gandhi presented a conception of the polity of oceanic circles and commended it for the future Independent India. In that conception the locality formed the centre of the polity and it constituted larger and larger polity in the form of expanding oceanic circles, all of which were at the same level, none above or below the other. Together they constituted the nation. The localities of Chengalpattu and especially the localities of Ullavur and Kundratthur that we have described in detail in these two monographs offer functioning examples of the oceanic polity of Gandhiji’s conception.

 

 


The task before us

 

Nowadays, there is much talk about decolonising our polity, out institutions and our discourse. We shall be able to transcend the colonial system that the British have left behind when we restore the sovereignty of the localities and return to them their traditional function of governing themselves through their own resources and people. That would probably take some more time. But for us to keep moving in that direction, it is important to retain the memory of the sovereign self-governing localities of not-too-distant a past. To keep the memory alive, we have to keep doing at least the following—

 

Intensively study the beautiful, affluent, prosperous and self-governing localities of the pre-British India from every part of the country;

 

Preserve, compile and study the inscriptions, copperplates, palm-leaf accounts and archival documents of different periods and from different parts of India;

 

Revive and restore to their pristine grandeur, some of the localities like Ullavur and Kundratthur, to serve as exemplars of what a decolonized India shall look like.

 

This is the process that shall lead to an authentic history of timeless India. This is also the process through which India shall rise again from the deep slumber into which she lapsed during the colonial rule. 




Pictures of the two localities of Ullavur and Kundratthur.


Hindi version of this article.





Bibliographic and other information about the two monographs:




The Land, People and History of Ullavur, 
A locality that reaps the bounty of Palar 
by Jatinder K Bajaj and M. D, Srinivas 

 

Centre for Policy Studies, Chennai and 
Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts, Delhi, 2024 
ISBN 978-81-19380-57-2  Price: 1566/-

 


The Land, People and History of Kundratthur 
The Abode of Murugan and the Birthplace of Sekkizhar 
by Jatinder K Bajaj and M. D, Srinivas 

 

Centre for Policy Studies, Chennai and 
Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts, Delhi, 2024 
ISBN 978-81-19380-78-7  Price: 1652/-


The books are available at:

Ullavur: https://amzn.in/d/dY5Nta0 
Kundratthur: https://amzn.in/d/hy6ROqw

You may also please send your orders to [email protected] and copy it to [email protected]

Ullavur and Kundratthur I (Hindi)



рднाрд░рдд рдХे рджो рд╕рдоृрдж्рдз, рд╕ुрди्рджрд░, рд╕्рд╡рд╢ाрд╕ी рдЧाँрд╡—

рдЙрд▓्рд▓ाрд╡ूрд░ рдПрд╡ं рдХुрдг्рдб्рд░рдд्рддूрд░



рд╕рдоाрдЬрдиीрддि рд╕рдоीрдХ्рд╖рдг рдХेрди्рдж्рд░ рдХे рд╣рдо рд▓ोрдЧों рдиे рдЗंрджिрд░ा рдЧांрдзी рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ीрдп рдХрд▓ाрдХेрди्рдж्рд░ рдХे рд╕рд╣рдпोрдЧ рд╕े рд╕рдо्рдк्рд░рддि рддрдоिрд▓рдиाрдбु рдХे рджो рдЧ्рд░ाрдоों рдЙрд▓्рд▓ाрд╡ूрд░ рдПрд╡ं рдХुрдг्рдб्рд░рдд्рддूрд░ рдХे рднूрдЧोрд▓, рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕, рдЕрд░्рде-рд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеा рдФрд░ рд╕рдоाрдЬ рдПрд╡ं рд░ाрдЬ्рдпрд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеा рдХा рд╡िрд╕्рддृрдд рд╡рд░्рдгрди рдХрд░рддे рд╣ुрдП рджो рдкुрд╕्рддрдХों рдХा рдк्рд░рдХाрд╢рди рдХिрдпा рд╣ै। рдкुрд╕्рддрдХों рдХे рд▓ेрдЦрдХ-рд╕ंрдкाрджрдХ рдЬрддिрди्рджрд░ рдХुрдоाрд░ рдмрдЬाрдЬ рдПрд╡ं рдПрдо. рдбी. рд╢्рд░ीрдиिрд╡ाрд╕ рд╣ैं। рд▓ोрдХाрд░्рдкрдг рдХा рд╕ूрдЪрдиा рдкрдд्рд░ рдпрд╣ाँ рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рд╣ै। рдЗрд╕ рдЖрд▓ेрдЦ рдоें рд╣рдо рдЗрди рдкुрд╕्рддрдХों рдХी рд╡िрд╖рдп-рд╡рд╕्рддु рдПрд╡ं рдЗрди рд╕े рдЕंрдЧ्рд░ेрдЬों рд╕े рдкрд╣рд▓े рдХे рднाрд░рдд рдХी рд╕рдоाрдЬ рдПрд╡ं рд░ाрдЬ्рдпрдиीрддि рд╕ंрдмंрдзी рдЬो рд╕рдордЭ рдмрдирддी рд╣ै рд╡рд╣ рд╕ंрдХ्рд╖ेрдк рдоें рд░рдЦрдиे рдХा рдк्рд░рдпाрд╕ рдХрд░ рд░рд╣े рд╣ैं।




рдЪौंрддीрд╕ рд╡рд░्рд╖ рдкूрд░्рд╡ рд╣рдордиे рдЬрдм рд╕рдоाрдЬрдиीрддि рд╕рдоीрдХ्рд╖рдг рдХेрди्рдж्рд░ рдХी рд╕्рдеाрдкрдиा рдХी рдеी рддो рд╣рдоाрд░े рд╕рдордХ्рд╖ рдПрдХ рдк्рд░рдоुрдЦ рдЙрдж्рджेрд╢्рдп рдпрд╣ рдЬाрдирдиा рдеा рдХि рдЕंрдЧ्рд░ेрдЬों рдХे рдкूрд░्рд╡ рдХे рднाрд░рдд рдХी рдк्рд░рд╢ाрд╕рдиिрдХ рд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеाрдПँ рдХैрд╕े рдЪрд▓рддी рдеीं рдФрд░ рднाрд░рдд рдоें рд╕рдоाрдЬ рдПрд╡ं рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдХे рдордз्рдп рдХ्рдпा рд╕ंрдмंрдз рд╣ुрдЖ рдХрд░рддा рдеा।

 

рдЗрди рдк्рд░рд╢्рдиों рдХे рдЙрдд्рддрд░ рдХा рдПрдХ рд╕्рд░ोрдд рддो рд╣рдоाрд░ा рд╕рдн्рдпрддाрдЧрдд рд╕ाрд╣िрдд्рдп рд╣ै। рд╣рдордиे рдЙрд╕ рджिрд╢ा рдоें рдХुрдЫ рдЕрдз्рдпрдпрди рдХिрдпा рд╣ै। рдХेрди्рдж्рд░ рдХी рдкрд╣рд▓ी рдХुрдЫ рдкुрд╕्рддрдХें рдФрд░ рд╡िрд╢ेрд╖рддः рдЕрди्рдиं рдмрд╣ु рдХुрд░्рд╡ीрдд рдЗрд╕ी рдЖрдзाрд░ рдкрд░ рд▓िрдЦी рдЧрдпीं рдеी। рдЙрд╕ рд╕ाрд╣िрдд्рдп рд╕े рд╕ंрдХрд▓्рдкрдиा рдХे рд╕्рддрд░ рдкрд░ рдЗрди рдк्рд░рд╢्рдиों рдХे рдЙрдд्рддрд░ рдоिрд▓рддे рд╣ैं।

 

рд╕ौрднाрдЧ्рдп рд╕े рд╣рдоाрд░े рдкाрд╕ рдЗрди рдк्рд░рд╢्рдиों рдХे рдЙрдд्рддрд░ рдвूंрдврдиे рдХा рдПрдХ рдФрд░ рд╕्рд░ोрдд рднी рдеा। рдЖрджрд░рдгीрдп рдзрд░्рдордкाрд▓рдЬी рдиे резренремрен-резренренрек рдХे рдордз्рдп рдЕंрдЧ्рд░рдЬों рдж्рд╡ाрд░ा рдХिрдпे рдЧрдпे рдЪेрди्рдиै рдХे рдЖрд╕рдкाрд╕ рд╕्рдеिрдд рдЪेрдЩ्рдЧрд▓рдкेрдЯ्рдЯु рдЬाрдЧीрд░ рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдХे рдк्рд░ाрдпः реи,режрежреж рдЧ्рд░ाрдоों рдХे рдПрдХ рдмрд╣ुрдд рд╡िрд╕्рддृрдд рд╕рд░्рд╡ेрдХ्рд╖рдг рдХे рдЕрднिрд▓ेрдЦ рджेрдЦे рдеे। рдЗрд╕ рд╕рд░्рд╡ेрдХ्рд╖рдг рдХे рдоाрдз्рдпрдо рд╕े рд▓рдЧрддा рд╣ै рдЕंрдЧ्рд░ेрдЬ рднी рдХрджाрдЪिрдд् рдЗрд╕ी рдк्рд░рд╢्рди рдХा рдЙрдд्рддрд░ рдвूंрдв рд░рд╣े рдеे рдХि рддрдм рддрдХ рднाрд░рддीрдп рд▓ोрдЧों рдХी рдк्рд░рд╢ाрд╕рдиिрдХ рдПрд╡ं рдЕрди्рдп рд╕ाрд░्рд╡рдЬрдиिрдХ рд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеाрдПँ рдХ्рдпा рдеीं। рдЗрд╕рдХे рдЕрддिрд░िрдХ्рдд рд╡े рдпрд╣ рднी рдЬाрдирдиा рдЪाрд╣рддे рдеे рдХि рдЗрди рдЧाँрд╡ों рдХा рдХुрд▓ рдЙрдд्рдкाрджрди рдХ्рдпा рдеा рдФрд░ рд╡े рдЙрд╕рд╕े рдХिрддрдиा рд▓рдЧाрди рдиिрдХाрд▓ рд╕рдХрддे рдеे। 

 

рдпрд╣ рд╕рд░्рд╡ेрдХ्рд╖рдг рдмाрд░рдиाрд░्рдб рд╕рд░्рд╡ेрдХ्рд╖рдг рдХे рдиाрдо рд╕े рдЬाрдиा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै। рддрдоिрд▓рдиाрдбु рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдЕрднिрд▓ेрдЦाрдЧाрд░ рдоें рдЗрд╕ рд╕рд░्рд╡ेрдХ्рд╖рдг рдХे рдЕंрдЧ्рд░ेрдЬी рд╕ाрд░ांрд╢ рдХे рдЕрднिрд▓ेрдЦ рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рд╣ैं। рдпрд╣ рд╕ाрд░ांрд╢ рддाрдб़рдкрдд्рд░ों рдкрд░ рдЕंрдХिрдд рдЕрдзिрдХ рд╡िрд╕्рддृрдд рдЖंрдХрдб़ों рдХे рдЖрдзाрд░ рдкрд░ рдмрдиाрдпा рдЧрдпा рдеा। рдЧाँрд╡ рд╕े рд╕рдо्рдмрди्рдзिрдд рд╕рдорд╕्рдд рдЖंрдХрдб़ों рдХो рдЧाँрд╡ рдХे рдХрдирдХ्рдХрдкिрд▓्рд▓ै (рд▓ेрдЦрдкाрд▓) рдж्рд╡ाрд░ा рдиिрдпрдоिрдд рдЕंрдХिрдд рдХрд░рддे рд░рд╣рдиे рдХी рдк्рд░рдеा рдХрджाрдЪिрдд् рджीрд░्рдШ рдХाрд▓ рд╕े рдЗрд╕ рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдоें рдЪрд▓рддी рдЖ рд░рд╣ी рдеी। рдмाрд░рдиाрд░्рдб рдиे рдЕрдкрдиा рд╕рд░्рд╡ेрдХ्рд╖рдг рдЗрди्рд╣ीं рдЧ्рд░ाрдо-рдХрдирдХ्рдХрдкिрд▓्рд▓ैрдУं рдХे рдж्рд╡ाрд░ा рдЙрдирдХी рдкाрд░ंрдкрд░िрдХ рд░ीрддि рдХे рдЕрдиुрд░ूрдк рд╣ी рдХрд░рд╡ाрдпा рдеा।  рд╕ौрднाрдЧ्рдп рд╕े рд╣рдо рдЫрд╣-рд╕ाрдд рд╕ौ рдЧाँрд╡ों рдХे рдЗрди рддाрдб़рдкрдд्рд░ों рдХो рднी рджेрдЦ рдкाрдпे рд╣ैं।  рддाрдб़рдкрдд्рд░ों рдоें рджिрдпे рдЧрдпे рдЖंрдХрдб़े рдмрд╣ुрдд рд╡िрд╕्рддृрдд рд╣ैं। рдЗрдирдоें рдЧाँрд╡ рдХे рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдкрд░िрд╡ाрд░ рдХे рдоुрдЦिрдпा рдХा рдиाрдо, рдЬाрддि, рдХाрд░्рдп рдПрд╡ं рдЙрд╕рдХे рдШрд░ рдХे рд╡िрд╕्рддाрд░ рдХा рдЙрд▓्рд▓ेрдЦ рд╣ै, рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдоंрджिрд░, рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рддाрд▓ाрдм рдЕрдерд╡ा рдЕрди्рдп рдЬрд▓-рд╕्рд░ोрдд рдХा, рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдЦेрдд рдХे рд╡िрд╕्рддाрд░ рдФрд░ рдЙрд╕рдоें резренремреи рд╕े резренремрен рдХे рдкांрдЪ рд╡рд░्рд╖ों рдоें рд╣ुрдП рдЙрдд्рдкाрджрди рдХा, рдФрд░ рдлिрд░ рдЙрд╕ рдЙрдд्рдкाрджрди рдХे рдк्рд░ाрдпः рдПрдХ-рддिрд╣ाрдИ рдЕंрд╢ рдХे рд╡िрднिрди्рди рд╕ाрд░्рд╡рдЬрдиिрдХ рдХाрд░्рдпों рдХे рд▓िрдпे рдиिрдпोрдЬрди рдХे рд╡िрд╕्рддृрдд рдЖंрдХрдб़े рд╣ैं।

 

рд╣рдордиे рдмाрд░рдиाрд░्рдб рд╕рд░्рд╡ेрдХ्рд╖рдг рдХे рд╕рдорд╕्рдд рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рдЖंрдХрдб़ों рдХा рд╕ंрдХрд▓рди рдПрд╡ं рд╡िрд╢्рд▓ेрд╖рдг рдХिрдпा рд╣ै। рдЕрдиेрдХ рдЧाँрд╡ों рд╕े рд╕ंрдмंрдзिрдд рддाрдб़рдкрдд्рд░ों рдХे рдЖंрдХрдб़ों рдХो рдкрдв़ рдХрд░ рдЙрдирдХा рдЖрдзुрдиिрдХ рддрдоिрд▓ рдФрд░ рдЕंрдЧ्рд░ेрдЬी рдоें рдЕрдиुрд╡ाрдж рдХрд░рдиे рдХा рдХाрд░्рдп рднी рд╣рдордиे рдХिрдпा рд╣ै। рд╕рдж्рдпрдк्рд░рдХाрд╢िрдд рдЬिрди рджो рдкुрд╕्рддрдХों рдХी рдЪрд░्рдЪा рд╣рдо рдЗрд╕ рдЖрд▓ेрдЦ рдоें рдХрд░ рд░рд╣े рд╣ैं, рдЙрдирдоें рдмाрд░рдиाрд░्рдб рд╕рд░्рд╡ेрдХ्рд╖рдг рдХे рдЕंрдЧ्рд░ेрдЬी рдЕрднिрд▓ेрдЦों рдПрд╡ं рдЙрдирд╕े рдЬुрдб़े рддрдоिрд▓ рддाрдб़рдкрдд्рд░ों рдХे рд╡िрд╕्рддृрдд рдЖंрдХрдб़ों рдФрд░ рдЗрди рдЧाँрд╡ों рдоें рдЕрдерд╡ा рдЙрдирдХे рдЖрд╕рдкाрд╕ рдкाрдпे рдЬाрдиे рд╡ाрд▓े рдк्рд░рдЪुрд░ рд╢िрд▓ाрд▓ेрдЦों рдПрд╡ं рддाрдо्рд░рдкрдд्рд░ों рдЖрджि рдХे рдЖрдзाрд░ рдкрд░ рдЗрд╕ рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдХे рджो рдЧाँрд╡ों, рдЙрд▓्рд▓ाрд╡ूрд░ рдФрд░ рдХुрдг्рдб्рд░ाрдд्рддूрд░ рдХा рд╡рд░्рдгрди рдХिрдпा рдЧрдпा рд╣ै।

 

рдЗрд╕ рдЕрдз्рдпрдпрди рд╕े рднाрд░рдд рдХे рдЧ्рд░ाрдоों рдХे рдЬो рдоुрдЦ्рдп рдЖрдпाрдо рд╣рдоें рд╕рдордЭ рдЖрдпे рд╣ैं рд╡े рд╕ंрдХ्рд╖ेрдк рдоें рдЗрд╕ рдк्рд░рдХाрд░ рд╣ै—


 

рез.    рднाрд░рдд рдХे рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдЧाँрд╡ рдХा рдЕрдкрдиा рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддिрдд्рд╡ рд╣ै। рдЧाँрд╡ рдХुрдЫ рдШрд░ों рдХा рдЬрдордШрдЯ рдоाрдд्рд░ рдирд╣ीं рд╣ै। 

 

рдЧाँрд╡ рдПрдХ рд╕ुрд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рдПрд╡ं рд╕ुрд╕्рдеिрд░ рд╕्рд╡рд╢ाрд╕िрдд рдЗрдХाрдИ рд╣ै। рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдЧाँрд╡ рдХा рдЕрдкрдиा рд╕ुрджीрд░्рдШ рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕ рд╣ै। рдЕрдкрдиी рдЪिрди्рд╣िрдд рд╕ीрдоाрдПँ рд╣ैं рдФрд░ рдЗрди рд╕ीрдоाрдУं рдХी рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ा рдХрд░рдиे рдХी рд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеाрдПँ рд╣ैं। рдЧाँрд╡ рдХी рд╕ीрдоाрдПँ рдЗрддрдиी рд╕्рдеिрд░ рдоाрдиी рдЬाрддी рдеीं рдХि рдеॉрдорд╕ рдоुрдирд░ो резреорезрей рдоें рд╣ाрдЙрд╕ рдСрдл рдХॉрдорди्рд╕ рдоें рднाрд░рддीрдп рд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеाрдУं рдХे рд╡िрд╖рдп рдоें рд╕ाрдХ्рд╖्рдп рдк्рд░рд╕्рддुрдд рдХрд░рддे рд╣ुрдП рдХрд╣рддे рд╣ैं рдХि—

 

A village in India does not apply to what is commonly called a village in this country [United Kingdom], a collection of houses; a village is certainly a portion of country, generally from two to four square miles, the boundaries of which are unalterable; whatever cessions or transfers of country are made in the course of war from one power to another, the boundaries of the village remain permanent; …”

 

рдЗрд╕рд▓िрдпे рдЗрди рджो рдкुрд╕्рддрдХों рдоें рд╣рдордиे рджोрдиों рдЧाँрд╡ों рдХे рдмрд╣ुрдд рд╡िрд╕्рддृрдд рдФрд░ рдмрд╣ुрдЖрдпाрдоी рдоाрдирдЪिрдд्рд░ рдк्рд░рд╕्рддुрдд рдХिрдпे рд╣ैं।

 


 

реи.    рднाрд░рдд рдХे рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рдЧाँрд╡ рдХा рд╕ुрджीрд░्рдШ рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕ рд╣ै। 

 

рд╢िрд▓ाрд▓ेрдЦों, рддाрдо्рд░рдкрдд्рд░ों, рдХрдеा-рд╡ाрд░्рддाрдУं, рдХाрд╡्рдпों-рдорд╣ाрдХाрд╡्рдпों рдЖрджि рдоें рджीрд░्рдШ рдХाрд▓ рд╕े рдЕрдкрдиे рдЧाँрд╡ों рдХा рдЙрд▓्рд▓ेрдЦ рдЖрддा рд░рд╣ा рд╣ै। рдЬिрди рджो рдЧाँрд╡ों рдХे рд╡िрд╖рдп рдоें рдпे рдкुрд╕्рддрдХें рд╣ैं, рдЙрдирдХी рдРрддिрд╣ाрд╕िрдХрддा рддो рдЕрдиेрдХ рдк्рд░рдХाрд░ рд╕े рдЕंрдХिрдд рд╣ै।

 

рдХुрдг्рдб्рд░рдд्рддूрд░ рд╕े релрел рд╢िрд▓ाрд▓ेрдЦ рд╕ंрдХрд▓िрдд рдХिрдпे рдЬा рдЪुрдХे рд╣ैं । рдпे резрезрелрей рд╕े резренреирем, рдЕрдерд╡ा рдЪोрд│рд╡ंрд╢ рдХे рдЙрдд्рдХрд░्рд╖ рд╕े рдоुрдЧрд▓рдХाрд▓ рдХे рдЕंрдд рддрдХ рдХा рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕ рдмрддाрддे рд╣ैं। рдХुрдг्рдб्рд░рдд्рддूрд░ рдХे рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕ рдХे рд╕ाрдХ्рд╖ी рд╕ेрдХ्рдХिрд│़ाрд░ рднी рд╣ैं। рд╡े рдХुрдг्рдб्рд░рдд्рддूрд░ рдоें рдЙрдд्рдкрди्рди рд╣ुрдП рдФрд░ рддрдоिрд│् рд╢ैрд╡ рдкрд░рдо्рдкрд░ा рдХे ремрей рд╕рди्рддрдХрд╡ि рдиाрдпрди्рдоाрд░ों рдХी рдЧाрдеाрдУं рдХा рд╕ंрдХрд▓рди рдХрд░рдХे рд╕्рд╡рдпं ремрекрд╡ें рдиाрдпрди्рдоाрд░् рдХे рд░ूрдк рдоें рдк्рд░рддिрд╖्рдаिрдд рд╣ुрдП।  рдХुрдг्рдб्рд░рдд्рддूрд░ рдХे рдЕрдиेрдХ рд╕्рдерд▓ рдЙрдирдХी рд╕्рдоृрддि рд╕рд╣ेрдЬे рд╣ुрдП рд╣ैं। рдЙрдирдХे рдЬрди्рдорд╕्рдеाрди рдкрд░ рдПрдХ рдорди्рджिрд░ рд╕्рдеाрдкिрдд рд╣ै। рдпрд╣ाँ рдХा рдк्рд░рдоुрдЦ рдиाрдЧेрд╢्рд╡рд░рд░् рдорди्рджिрд░ рдЙрди рдж्рд╡ाрд░ा рд╕्рдеाрдкिрдд рдоाрдиा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै рдФрд░ рдорди्рджिрд░ рдХे рднीрддрд░ рдЙрдирдХी рдкृрдердХ् рд╕рди्рдиिрдж्рдзि рд╣ै। рднрд╡्рдп рдмाрд▓рд╡ाрд░ाрдпाрд░् рддाрд▓ рдЙрдирдХे рднाрдИ рдХे рдиाрдо рд╕े рд╣ै। рдЖрдзुрдиिрдХ рдХाрд▓ рдоें рдПрдХ рдирдпा рднрд╡्рдп рд╕्рдоाрд░рдХ рдЙрдирдХे рдиाрдо рд╕े рдмрдиाрдпा рдЧрдпा рд╣ै।   

 

рдХुрдг्рдб्рд░рдд्рддूрд░ рдХा рдиाрдо рдпрд╣ाँ рдкрд╣ाрдб़ी (рддрдоिрд│् рдоें рдХुрдг्рдб्рд░) рдкрд░ рд╕्рдеिрдд рд╕ुрдм्рд░рд╣्рдордг्рдпрд░् рдХे рдорди्рджिрд░ рд╕े рдЖрддा рд╣ै рдФрд░ рдЙрдирдХा рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕ рддो рдкौрд░ाрдгिрдХ рдХाрд▓ рдХा рд╣ै। рд╕ाрдоाрди्рдпрддः рдЗрд╕ рдорди्рджिрд░ рдХो рдХुрдг्рдб्рд░рдд्рддूрд░ рдоुрд░ुрдЧрди рдХрд╣ा рдЬाрддा рд╣ै। рдпрд╣ाँ рдХे рдЬрдирдЬीрд╡рди рдоें рдЖрдЬ рднी рдЗрди рдоुрд░ुрдЧрди рдХा рдк्рд░рдоुрдЦ рд╕्рдеाрди рд╣ै। рдорди्рджिрд░ рдоें рдЖрдиे рд╡ाрд▓े рдЕрдиेрдХ рд╢्рд░рдж्рдзाрд▓ुрдУं рдХा рдпрд╣ाँ рдХी рдЕрд░्рде рдПрд╡ं рдпाрддाрдпाрдд рд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеा рдоें рдмрдб़ा рдпोрдЧрджाрди рд╣ै।

 

рдЙрд▓्рд▓ाрд╡ूрд░ рдХे рдЖрд╕рдкाрд╕ рдХे рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдХा рдЙрд▓्рд▓ेрдЦ рдкрд▓्рд▓рд╡ рдХाрд▓ рдХे рд╡िрдЦ्рдпाрдд рдХाрд╕ाрдХ्рдХुрдб़ी рддाрдо्рд░рдкрдд्рд░ рдоें рдЖрддा рд╣ै। рдЙрд▓्рд▓ाрд╡ूрд░ рдХे рдЙрдд्рддрд░ рдоें рддेрди्рдиेрд░ि рдХे рдорди्рджिрд░ों рдФрд░ рджрдХ्рд╖िрдг рдоें рдкाрд▓ाрд░्, рдЪेрдп्рдпाрд░् рдФрд░ рд╡ेрдЧрд╡рддी рдХे рдкрд╡िрдд्рд░ рдд्рд░िрд╡ेрдгी рд╕ंрдЧрдо рдкрд░ рд╕्рдеिрдд рдЕрдк्рдкрди् рд╡ेंрдХрдЯेрд╢ рдкेрд░ुрдоाрд▓् рдХे рдорди्рджिрд░ рдХी рднीрддिрдпों рдкрд░ рд╕рдШрдирддा рд╕े рдЕंрдХिрдд рдЪोрд│् рдХाрд▓ рдХे рд╢िрд▓ाрд▓ेрдЦ рдЗрд╕ рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдХे рджीрд░्рдШ рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕ рдХे рд╕ाрдХ्рд╖ी рд╣ैं।

 

 

рей.    рднाрд░рдд рдХा рдЧाँрд╡ рдзрди-рдзाрди्рдп рд╕े рд╕рдоृрдж्рдз рдеा।  

 

рд╣рдоाрд░े рдЖрдХрд▓рди рдХे рдЕрдиुрд╕ाрд░ рдЗрд╕ рдкूрд░े рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдХा рдЙрдд्рдкाрджрди рез рдЯрди рдк्рд░рддि рд╡्рдпрдХ्рддि рдк्рд░рддि рд╡рд░्рд╖ рдеा। рдЖрдЬ рдЕрддि-рд╡िрдХрд╕िрдд рджेрд╢ों рдоें рдРрд╕ा рдЙрдд्рдкाрджрди рд╣ोрддा рд╣ै। рдЖрдЬ рдХे рднाрд░рдд рдХा рдоाрдз्рдп рдЙрдд्рдкाрджрди рддो рдЗрд╕рдХा рдкाँрдЪрд╡ा рднाрдЧ рдоाрдд्рд░ рд╣ै। рдЙрд▓्рд▓ाрд╡ूрд░ рдХा рд╡ाрд░्рд╖िрдХ рдЙрдд्рдкाрджрди реи.рел рдЯрди рдк्рд░рддिрд╡्рдпрдХ्рддि рдеा। рдпрд╣ рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдХे рдЕрдд्рдпुрдЪ्рдЪ рдоाрдз्рдп рд╕े рднी рдЕрдв़ाрдпी рдЧुрдиा рдЕрдзिрдХ рдеा। рдЙрд▓्рд▓ाрд╡ूрд░, рдЬैрд╕ा рдХि рд╣рдордиे рдкुрд╕्рддрдХ рдоें рджिрдЦाрдпा рд╣ै, рдХृрд╖ि рдоें рдЙрдд्рдХृрд╖्рдЯ рдеा।

 

 

рек.    рднाрд░рдд рдХा рдЧाँрд╡ рдХेрд╡рд▓ рдХृрд╖ि рдкрд░ рдЖрдзाрд░िрдд рдирд╣ीं рдеा।

 

рдЙрдд्рдкाрджрди рдоें рдХृрд╖ि рдХी рдк्рд░рдзाрдирддा рдеी। рдкрд░ рдЗрд╕ рдЙрдд्рдкाрджрди рдХा рдЙрдкрдпोрдЧ рдЕрдиेрдХाрдиेрдХ рдХाрд░्рдпों рдХे рд▓िрдпे рд╣ोрддा рдеा। рдмाрд░्рдиाрд░्рдб рдХे рд╕рд░्рд╡ेрдХ्рд╖рдг рдХे рдЕрдиुрд╕ाрд░ рдкूрд░े рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдХे рдЖрдзे рдХे рдЖрд╕рдкाрд╕ рдкрд░िрд╡ाрд░ рд╣ी рдкूрд░्рдгрддः рдХृрд╖ि рд╕े рд╕ंрдмंрдзिрдд рд╣ैं। рдЕрди्рдпों рдоें рдмुрдирдХрд░, рдмрдв़рдИ, рд▓ोрд╣ाрд░, рд╕्рд╡рд░्рдгрдХाрд░, рд╡рдгिрдХ, рд╢िрдХ्рд╖рдХ, рд╡ैрдж्рдп, рдкुрд░ोрд╣िрдд, рд╕ंрдЧीрддрдХाрд░, рдиृрддрдХ рдЖрджि рдкрд░िрд╡ाрд░ рдеे।

 

рдЙрд▓्рд▓ाрд╡ूрд░ рдЕрд╡рд╢्рдп рдХृрд╖ि-рдк्рд░рдзाрди рдеा। рдХुрдг्рдб्рд░рдд्рддुрд░ рдоें рддो рдХृрд╖ि рдЧौрдг рдеी। рд╡рд╣ рдк्рд░рдоुрдЦрддः рд╕ंрд╕्рдХृрддि рдПрд╡ं рд╡िрдж्рд╡рдд्рддा рдХा рдХेрди्рдж्рд░ рдеा। рд╡рд╣ाँ рдХे рекренрез рдШрд░ों рдоें рд╕े резрезрем рдШрд░ рдмुрдирдХрд░ों рдХे рдеे। 

 

рдЙрд▓्рд▓ाрд╡ूрд░ рдЕрдкрдиा рд╕рдм рдХौрд╢рд▓ рдХृрд╖ि рдоें рд╣ी рджिрдЦाрддा рдеा। рдЙрдкрд▓рдм्рдз рдЖंрдХрдб़ों рдХे рдЕрдиुрд╕ाрд░ рдпрд╣ाँ рдХे рд▓ोрдЧ рддीрди рдЛрддुрдУं рдоें рдЫрд╣ рдзाрди рдХी рдлрд╕рд▓ें рдЙрдЧाрддे рдеे। рдЗрдирдоें рд╕े рдХुрдЫ рдлрд╕рд▓ें рдЕрдд्рдпрди्рдд рд╡िрд╢िрд╖्рдЯ рдПрд╡ं рд╕ुрдЧрди्рдзिрдд рдзाрди рдХी рд╣ोрддी рдеीं। рдлिрд░ рднी рдпрд╣ाँ рдХे реорей рдШрд░ों рдоें рд╕े рейреж рдк्рд░рд╢ाрд╕рдиिрдХ, рд╕ांрд╕्рдХृрддिрдХ, рдЖрд░्рдеिрдХ рдПрд╡ं рдЕрди्рдп рдЕрдиेрдХ рдк्рд░рдХाрд░ рдХी рд╕ेрд╡ाрдПँ рдк्рд░рджाрди рдХрд░рдиे рд╡ाрд▓े рдХृрд╖ि рд╕े рдЗрддрд░ рд▓ोрдЧों рдХे рдеे।

 

 

рел.    рднाрд░рдд рдХा рдЧाँрд╡ рд╕ुрди्рджрд░ рдеा। 

 

рдЬो рдЖंрдХрдб़े, рдк्рд░рдоाрдг рдПрд╡ं рд╕्рдеाрди рд╣рдордиे рджेрдЦे рд╣ैं рдЙрдирд╕े рд╕्рдкрд╖्рдЯ рд╣ै рдХि рднाрд░рдд рдХे рдЧाँрд╡ рдФрд░ рдШрд░ рд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеिрдд рдпोрдЬрдиाрдмрдж्рдз рд╕рд▓ीрдХे рд╕े рдмрдирддे рдеे। рдЧाँрд╡ рдоें рдПрд╡ं рдЙрд╕рдХे рдЖрд╕рдкाрд╕ рд╕्рдеिрдд рдЕрдиेрдХ рдорди्рджिрд░, рддाрд▓-рддाрд▓ाрдм, рдкेрдб़ों рдХे рдЭुрд░рдоुрдЯ, рдлूрд▓ों рдХे рдЙрдж्рдпाрди рдЖрджि рд╕рдм рдоिрд▓ рдХрд░ рдЕрдд्рдпрди्рдд рд╕ुрди्рджрд░ рдкрд░िрджृрд╢्рдп рдХी рд░рдЪрдиा рдХрд░рддे рдеे।


рдЙрд▓्рд▓ाрд╡ूрд░ рдоाрдд्рд░ реорей рдШрд░ों рдХी рдмрд╕्рддी рдеी। рд╡рд╣ाँ реиреи рдорди्рджिрд░, резрек рд╡िрднिрди्рди рдк्рд░рдХाрд░ рдХे рддाрд▓, рд╕िंрдЪाрдИ рдХे рд▓िрдП рек рдмрдб़े рдЬрд▓ाрд╢рдп, рем рдкेрдб़ों рдХे рдЭुрд░рдоुрдЯ, реи рдкुрд╖्рдк-рдЙрдж्рдпाрди рдеे। рдмрд╣ुрдд рд╕े рдорди्рджिрд░ рдПрд╡ं рддाрд▓ рдФрд░ рдЪाрд░ों рдЬрд▓ाрд╢рдп рдЖрдЬ рднी рдЬीрд╡िрдд рд╣ैं। рдЗрдирдоें рд╕े рдЕрдиेрдХ рдмрд╣ुрдд рд╡िрд╢ाрд▓ рдПрд╡ं рднрд╡्рдп рд╣ैं।


рдХुрдг्рдб्рд░рдд्рддूрд░ рддो рдорди्рджिрд░ों рдХी рд╣ी рдирдЧрд░ рд╣ै। рджрдХ्рд╖िрдг рдоें рдкрд╣ाрдб़ी рдкрд░ рд╕्рдеिрдд рдоुрд░ुрдЧрди рд╣ैं рдФрд░ рдкрд╣ाрдб़ी рдХी рдУрд░ рдЬाрдиे рд╡ाрд▓े рдоाрд░्рдЧ рдкрд░ рддिрд░ुрдХंрджрд▓ीрд╢्рд╡рд░рддिрд░ुрд╡ाрд▓ीрд╢्рд╡рд░ рдФрд░ рддिрд░ुрд╡ूрд░рдЧाрдкेрд░ुрдоाрд▓् рдХे рдорди्рджिрд░ рдПрдХ рдкंрдХ्рддि рдоें рдЦрдб़े рджिрдЦрддे рд╣ैं। рджूрд╕рд░ी рдУрд░ рдЙрдд्рддрд░ рдоेंрдирдЧрд░ рдХे рдк्рд░рд╡ेрд╢ рдкрд░ рд╣ीрддिрд░ुрдиाрдЧेрд╢्рд╡рд░ рдХा рднрд╡्рдп рдорди्рджिрд░ рд╣ै। рдирдЧрд░ рдоें рдЕрдиेрдХ рддाрд▓ рд╣ैं। рдЗрдирдоें рд╕े рд╕рдмрд╕े рд╡िрд╢ाрд▓ рдПрд╡ं рд╕ुрди्рджрд░ рдирдЧрд░ рдХे рдХेрди्рдж्рд░ рдоें рд╕्рдеिрдд рдмाрд▓рд░ाрд╡ाрдпाрд░् рдХुрд▓рдо् рд╣ै। рдЗрд╕рдХा рдиाрдо рд╕ेрдХ्рдХिрд│़ाрд░ рдХे рдмрдб़े рднाрдИ рдХे рдиाрдо рдкрд░ рд░рдЦा рдЧрдпा рд╣ै। рд╕्рд╡рдпं рд╕ेрдХ्рдХिрд│़ाрд░ рдХे рдЕрдиेрдХ рд╕्рдоाрд░рдХ рдирдЧрд░ рдоें рд╣ैं।


рдХुрдг्рдб्рд░рдд्рддूрд░ рдПрд╡ं рдЙрд▓्рд▓ाрд╡ूрд░ рдХी рд╡िрд▓рдХ्рд╖рдг рднрд╡्рдпрддा рдПрд╡ं рд╕ौंрджрд░्рдп рдХा рдХुрдЫ рдЖрднाрд╕ рдЪिрдд्рд░ों рдоें рджेрдиे рдХा рдк्рд░рдпाрд╕ рдЗрди рдкुрд╕्рддрдХों рдоें рд╣ुрдЖ рд╣ै। рдЗрд╕ рдЖрд▓ेрдЦ рдХे рд╕ाрде рдЗрди рдЧ्рд░ाрдоों рдХे рдХुрдЫ рдЪिрдд्рд░ рднी рд╣рдордиे рджिрдпे рд╣ैं।

 

 

рем.    рднाрд░рдд рдХा рдЧाँрд╡ рд╕्рд╡рд╢ाрд╕ी рдеा। 

 

рдЕрдЯ्рдаाрд░рд╣рд╡ीं рд╢рддाрдм्рджी рдХे рдЖंрдХрдб़ों рдХे рдЕрдиुрд╕ाрд░ рдЙрд╕ рд╕рдордп рдХे рд╡िрдкुрд▓ рдЙрдд्рдкाрджрди рдХा рдк्рд░ाрдпः рдПрдХ рддिрд╣ाрдИ рднाрдЧ рдЧाँрд╡-рд╕рдоाрдЬ рдХे рд╡िрднिрди्рди рд╕ाрд░्рд╡рдЬिрдирдХ рдХाрд░्рдпों рдХे рд╕ंрдкाрджрди рдХे рд▓िрдпे рдиिрдпोрдЬिрдд рдХрд░ рджिрдпा рдЬाрддा рдеा। 

 

рдЗрд╕ рдиिрдпोрдЬрди рдХे рд▓िрдпे рднाрдЧ рдиिрдХाрд▓рдиे рдХी рдкрд░рдо्рдкрд░ा рд╕े рдЪрд▓ी рдЖ рд░рд╣ी рдПрдХ рд╡िрд╕्рддृрдд рдкрдж्рдзрддि рдеी। рдЗрд╕ рдкрдж्рдзрддि рдХे рджो рднाрдЧ рдеे, рдПрдХ рдХो рд╕्рд╡рддрди्рдд्рд░рдо् рдХрд╣рддे рдеे, рджूрд╕рд░े рдХो рдоेрд░ै। рд╕्рд╡рддрди्рдд्рд░рдо् рднी рджो рд╕्рддрд░ों рдкрд░ рдиिрдХрд▓рддा рдеा। рдкрд╣рд▓ा рд╕्рд╡рддрди्рдд्рд░рдо् рдЙрдкрдЬ рдХी рдЧрд╣ाрдИ рдФрд░ рддुрд▓ाрдИ рд╕े рдкрд╣рд▓े рдиिрдХाрд▓ рд▓िрдпा рдЬाрддा рдеा। рджूрд╕рд░ा рд╕्рд╡рддрди्рдд्рд░рдо् рднी рддुрд▓ाрдИ рд╕े рдкрд╣рд▓े рдиिрдХрд▓рддा рдеा рдкрд░рди्рддु рдЧрд╣ाрдИ рдХे рдкрд╢्рдЪाрдд्। рддुрд▓ी рд╣ुрдИ рдЙрдкрдЬ рд╕े рджो рдк्рд░рдХाрд░ рдХे рдоेрд░ै рдиिрдХрд▓рддे рдеे। рдПрдХ рдоेрд░ै рдЖрдзा рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рд╡ाрд▓े рдЕंрд╢ рдФрд░ рдЖрдзा рдХृрд╖рдХ् рд╡ाрд▓े рдЕंрд╢ рд╕े рдиिрдХрд▓рддा рдеा। рдПрдХ рдЕрди्рдп рдоेрд░ै рдЙрдкрдЬ рдХे рдХेрд╡рд▓ рд╕рд░рдХाрд░ рд╡ाрд▓े рдЕंрд╢ рд╕े рдиिрдХрд▓рддा рдеा। рдпे рдЪाрд░ों рднाрдЧ рдоिрд▓ рдХрд░ рдХुрд▓ рдЙрдкрдЬ рдХा рдк्рд░ाрдпः рддीрд╕рд░ा рднाрдЧ рдмрдирддे рдеे।

 

рдЬिрди рдХाрд░्рдпों рдХे рд▓िрдпे рдЙрдкрдЬ рдХे рдк्рд░ाрдпः рдПрдХ-рддिрд╣ाрдИ рднाрдЧ рдХा рдЗрд╕ рдк्рд░рдХाрд░ рдиिрдпोрдЬрди рдХिрдпा рдЬाрддा рдеा, рдЙрдирдХी рд╕ूрдЪि рдмрд╣ुрдд рд▓ंрдмी рд╣ै। рдЗрдирдоें рдЧाँрд╡ рдХी рд╕ुрд░рдХ्рд╖ा рдХрд░рдиे рд╡ाрд▓े рдкाрд▓ैрдпрдХ्рдХाрд░рд░् рдПрд╡ं рддुрдХ्рдХिрд░िрдХ्рдХाрд░рд░् рдЖрджि, рдЧाँрд╡ рдХा рд▓ेрдЦा рд░рдЦрдиे рд╡ाрд▓े рдХрдирдХ्рдХрдкिрд▓्рд▓ै, рд╕िंрдЪाрдпी рд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеाрдУं рдХी рджेрдЦрднाрд▓ рдХрд░рдиे рд╡ाрд▓े рд╡ेрдЯ्рдЯि, рдЙрдкрдЬ рдХी рддुрд▓ाрдИ рдХрд░рдиे рд╡ाрд▓े рдЕрд▓рд╡ुрдХ्рдХाрд░рди्, рдорди्рджिрд░ों рдХे рдкрд░िрдЪाрд░рдХ, рдкुрд░ोрд╣िрдд, рдирд░्рддрдХ, рджेрд╡рджाрд╕िрдпाँ рдПрд╡ं рд╕ंрдЧीрддрдХाрд░ рдФрд░ рдкाрдард╢ाрд▓ाрдУं рдХे рд╢िрдХ्рд╖рдХ рдЖрджि рдЖрддे рдеे। рдмрдв़рдИ, рд▓ोрд╣ाрд░, рд╕ुрдиाрд░ рдХा рднी рднाрдЧ рд╣ोрддा рдеा, рдиाрдИ рдФрд░ рдзोрдмी рдХा рднी рдФрд░ рдЧाँрд╡ рдХे рд╡ैрдж्рдп рдХा рднी। рдорди्рджिрд░ों, рдЧाँрд╡ рдХे рд╕ंрд╕्рдеाрдкрдХ рдЧृрд╣рд╕्рдеों рдФрд░ рдХृрд╖ि рдоें рд╕рд╣ाрдпрдХ рдкрд░ैрдп्рдпा рдЧृрд╣рд╕्рдеों рдХा рднी рдЕрд▓рдЧ рднाрдЧ рд╣ोрддा рдеा। рдЧाँрд╡ рдХे рдЕрдкрдиे рд╕ंрд╕्рдеाрдиों рдПрд╡ं рдХाрд░्рдпрд╡ाрд╣рдХों рдХे рдЕрддिрд░िрдХ्рдд рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдХे рдк्рд░рдоुрдЦ рдорди्рджिрд░ों, рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ीрдп рд╕्рддрд░ рдХे рдкाрд▓ैрдпрдХ्рдХाрд░ों, рд▓ेрдЦрдкाрд▓ों, рд╡िрдЦ्рдпाрдд рд╡िрдж्рд╡ाрдиों рдЖрджि рдХे рд▓िрдпे рднी рдЧाँрд╡ рдХी рдЙрдкрдЬ рд╕े рдоेрд░ै рдиिрдХрд▓рддा рдеा। рдЗрд╕ рдк्рд░рдХाрд░ рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рд╕े рдЕрдкेрдХ्рд╖िрдд рд╕рдорд╕्рдд рдХाрд░्рдп рдЧाँрд╡ рд╕्рд╡рдпं рдЕрдкрдиी рдЙрдкрдЬ рдоें рд╕े рд╡िрднिрди्рди рдХाрд░्рдпों рдПрд╡ं рд╕ंрд╕्рдеाрдиों рдХे рд▓िрдпे рдиिрд╢्рдЪिрдд рднाрдЧ рдиिрдХाрд▓ рдХрд░ рдХрд░ рд▓ेрддा рдеा। 

 

рд╡िрднिрди्рди рд╕ंрд╕्рдеाрдиों рдПрд╡ं рд╕ाрд░्рд╡рдЬрдиिрдХ рдХाрд░्рдпों рдХे рд▓िрдпे рдЙрдкрдЬ рдХे рдПрдХ рдЕंрд╢ рдХे рдЕрддिрд░िрдХ्рдд рдк्рд░ाрдпः рдЗрди рд╕рдм рд╣िрддाрдзिрдХाрд░िрдпों рдХो рдХृрд╖ि-рднूрдоि рдХा рдХुрдЫ рднाрдЧ рдоाрди्рдпрдо рдХे рд░ूрдк рдоें рджिрдпा рдЬाрддा рдеा, рдЬिрд╕рдХा рдЕрд░्рде рдеा рдХि рднूрдоि рдХे рдЗрд╕ рднाрдЧ рдХे рд░ाрдЬрд╕्рд╡ рдХा рдЕрдзिрдХाрд░ рдЙрди्рд╣ें рдк्рд░ाрдк्рдд рд╣ोрддा рдеा। рдкूрд░े рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдоें рдХृрд╖ि-рднूрдоि рдХा рдк्рд░ाрдпः рдПрдХ рдЪौрдеाрдпी рднाрдЧ рдоाрди्рдпрдо рдеा। рдХुрдг्рдб्рд░рдд्рддूрд░ рдоें рдпрд╣ рднाрдЧ реиреж рдк्рд░рддिрд╢рдд рдХे рдЖрд╕рдкाрд╕ рдеा। рдЙрд▓्рд▓ाрд╡ूрд░ рдХी рднूрдоि рдЕрдд्рдпрди्рдд рдЙрдкрдЬाрдК рд╣ै। рд╡рд╣ाँ рдХृрд╖ि-рднूрдоि (рд╕ेрдпрдХाрд▓्) рдХा рдоाрдд्рд░ рдЖрдард╡ाँ рднाрдЧ рдоाрди्рдпрдо рдеा। 

 

рдХृрд╖ि-рднूрдоि рдХा рдПрдХ рдЕंрд╢ рдХा рд░ाрдЬрд╕्рд╡ рдоाрди्рдпрдо рдХे рд░ूрдк рдоें рдкाрдХрд░ рдЧाँрд╡ рдХे рдпे рд╕рдм рд╕ंрд╕्рдеाрди рдПрд╡ं рдЧृрд╣рд╕्рде рд╕рдо्рдк्рд░рднुрддा рдоें рднाрдЧीрджाрд░ рдмрди рдЬाрддे рдеे। рд╕рдо्рдк्рд░рднु рд╕्рд╡рд╢ाрд╕ी рдЧाँрд╡ рдЕрдкрдиा рд╢ाрд╕рди рдЗрди рд╣िрддाрдзिрдХाрд░िрдпों рдХे рдоाрдз्рдпрдо рд╕े рдЪрд▓ाрддा рдеा। рдЗрд╕ рджृрд╖्рдЯि рд╕े рдЧाँрд╡ рд╣ी рд░ाрдЬ्рдп рдеा।

 

рдРрд╕ा рд╕्рд╡рд╢ाрд╕ी рдЧाँрд╡ рднाрд░рддीрдп рдиीрддि рдХी рдк्рд░ाрдердоिрдХ рдЗрдХाрдИ рдеा । рдЧाँрд╡ рдЕрдкрдиे рд╕े рдмрдб़े рдХ्рд╖ेрдд्рд░ рдХे рд╕ंрд╕्рдеाрдиों рдПрд╡ं рдХाрд░्рдпों рдХा рднी рдкोрд╖рдг рдХрд░рддा рдеा। рдорд╣ाрдд्рдоा рдЧांрдзी рдиे рд╕्рд╡рддрди्рдд्рд░рддा рдХे рддुрд░рди्рдд рдкूрд░्рд╡ рд╕्рд╡рддрди्рдд्рд░ рднाрд░рдд рдХे рд▓िрдпे рд╕рдоुрдж्рд░ीрдп рд╡ृрдд्рддों рдЬैрд╕ी рдРрд╕ी рд╣ी рд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеा рдХी рдХрд▓्рдкрдиा рдк्рд░рд╕्рддुрдд рдХी рдеी। рдЙрд╕ рдХрд▓्рдкрдиा рдоें рдк्рд░рдд्рдпेрдХ рд╡ृрдд्рдд рдХे рдХेрди्рдж्рд░ рдоें рдЧ्рд░ाрдо рдеा рдФрд░ рд╡рд╣ рд╡ृрдд्рдд рдлैрд▓рддा рд╣ुрдЖ рд╕рдо्рдкूрд░्рдг рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░ рдХी рд░рдЪрдиा рдХрд░рддा рдеा। рднाрд░рдд рдХे рд╕्рд╡рд╢ाрд╕ी рдЧाँрд╡ рдРрд╕े  рд╣ी рдеे।

 

 

рдХрд░рдгीрдп 

рдЖрдЬрдХрд▓ рджेрд╢ рдоें рдЕрдиौрдкрдиिрд╡ेрд╢िрдХрд░рдг рдХी рдмрд╣ुрдд рдЪрд░्рдЪा рд╣ो рд░рд╣ी рд╣ै। рдЕंрдЧ्рд░ेрдЬों рдЬो рдФрдкрдиिрд╡ेрд╢िрдХ рд╡्рдпрд╡рд╕्рдеा рд╕्рдеाрдкिрдд рдХрд░ рдЧрдпे рд╣ैं рдЙрд╕рд╕े рдЙрдмрд░рдиा рддो рддрднी рд╣ोрдЧा рдЬрдм рд╣рдо рдЕрдкрдиे рд╕्рд╡рд╢ाрд╕ी рдЧाँрд╡ों рдХो рд╕्рд╡рд╢ाрд╕рди рдХा рдЕрдзिрдХाрд░ рд▓ौрдЯा рджेंрдЧे। рд╡ैрд╕ा рдХрд░рдиे рдоें рд▓рдЧрддा рд╣ै рдЕрднी рд╣рдоें рд╕рдордп рд▓рдЧेрдЧा। рд╣рдо рдЙрд╕ рджिрд╢ा рдоें рдмрдв़рддे рд░рд╣ें, рдЙрд╕рдХे рд▓िрдпे рдЖрд╡рд╢्рдпрдХ рд╣ै рдХि рд╣рдо рдЙрди рд╕्рд╡рд╢ाрд╕ी рдЧाँрд╡ों рдХा рд╕्рдоृрддि рдХो рдмрдиाрдпें рд░рдЦें। рд╕्рдоृрддि рдХो рдЬीрд╡िрдд рд░рдЦрдиे рдХे рд▓िрдпे рд╣рдоें рдиिрдо्рди рдХाрд░्рдп рддो рдХрд░рддे рд╣ी рд░рд╣рдиा рдЪाрд╣िрдпे —

 

рднाрд░рдд рдХे рдЗрди рд╕ुрди्рджрд░рд╕рдоृрдж्рдз рд╕्рд╡рд╢ाрд╕ी рдПрд╡ं рдЕрдиाрджि рдЧाँрд╡ों рдХा рдЕрдз्рдпрдпрди рдХрд░рддे рд░рд╣ें।


рдЕрднिрд▓ेрдЦों, рд╢िрд▓ाрд▓ेрдЦोंрддाрдо्рд░рд▓ेрдЦोंрддाрдб़рдкрдд्рд░ोंрд╕рдн्рдпрддाрдЧрдд рд╕ाрд╣िрдд्рдп рдЖрджि рдХा рд╕ंрдХрд▓рди-рд╕ंрд░рдХ्рд╖рдг-рдЕрдз्рдпрдпрди рдХрд░рддे рд░рд╣ें।


рдХुрдЫ рд╡िрд╢िрд╖्рдЯ рдЧाँрд╡ों рдХा рд╕ंрд░рдХ्рд╖рдг рдПрд╡ं рдЬीрд░्рдгोрдж्рдзाрд░ рдХрд░рддे рд░рд╣ें рдЬिрд╕рд╕े рд╡े рдЙрд╕ рд╕рдиाрддрди рдЖрджрд░्рд╢ рдХे рд╕рдЬीрд╡ рдЙрджाрд╣рд░рдг рдХे рд░ूрдк рдоें рд╣рдоाрд░े рд╕рдордХ्рд╖ рдЙрдкрд╕्рдеिрдд рд░рд╣ें।

 

рдЗрд╕ी рдк्рд░рдХ्рд░िрдпा рд╕े рд╕рдоृрдж्рдз рд╕рдиाрддрди рднाрд░рдд рдХा рдк्рд░ाрдоाрдгिрдХ рдЗрддिрд╣ाрд╕ рд▓िрдЦा рдЬाрдпेрдЧा। рдЗрд╕ी рдк्рд░рдХ्рд░िрдпा рд╕े рд╕рдоृрдж्рдз рд╕рдиाрддрди рднाрд░рдд рдФрдкрдиिрд╡ेрд╢िрдХ рдХाрд▓ рдХी рдЕрдкрдиी рдиिрдж्рд░ा рд╕े рдкुрдиः рдЬाрдЧृрдд рд╣ो рдкाрдпेрдЧा



рдЗрд╕ рдЖрд▓ेрдЦ рдХा рдЕंрдЧ्рд░ेрдЬ़ी рд░ूрдк ।


рдЗрди рдЧाँрд╡ों рд╕े рд╕ंрдмंрдзिрдд рдХुрдЫ рдЪिрдд्рд░।

 

рдкुрд╕्рддрдХों рд╕ंрдмंрдзी рдЖрд╡рд╢्рдпрдХ рд╕ूрдЪрдиाрдПँ



The Land, People and History of Ullavur, 
A locality that reaps the bounty of Palar 
by Jatinder K Bajaj and M. D, Srinivas 

 

Centre for Policy Studies, Chennai and 
Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts, Delhi, 2024 
ISBN 978-81-19380-57-2  Price: 1566/-

 


The Land, People and History of Kundratthur 
The Abode of Murugan and the Birthplace of Sekkizhar 
by Jatinder K Bajaj and M. D, Srinivas 

 

Centre for Policy Studies, Chennai and 
Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts, Delhi, 2024 
ISBN 978-81-19380-78-7  Price: 1652/-


The books are available at:
Ullavur: https://amzn.in/d/dY5Nta0 
Kundratthur: https://amzn.in/d/hy6ROqw

You may also please send your orders to [email protected] and copy it to [email protected]